大(da)(da)蒜(suan)因具有(you)調味(wei)、保健，抗(kang)逆性強，高產豐收，便(bian)于貯存和運輸等獨特優點，古今(jin)中外，倍受(shou)人(ren)們青睞。中國大(da)(da)蒜(suan)栽培歷史悠(you)久，享譽海內外，尤以山(shan)東的金鄉、蒼山(shan)、齊河(he)，江蘇的邳州(zhou)、豐縣，河(he)南(nan)的開(kai)封、中牟等地形成集約規模化種(zhong)植(zhi)，并帶動(dong)相關產業發展，其次在全(quan)國均有(you)分散種(zhong)植(zhi)。近兩(liang)年(nian)大(da)(da)蒜(suan)價格上(shang)揚(yang)飆升(sheng)，更激起蒜(suan)農積極性，種(zhong)植(zhi)面積有(you)較大(da)(da)增加(jia)。

    在整個(ge)大蒜(suan)生產(chan)中，化學除(chu)草是(shi)一項重要措施(shi)，現就(jiu)相關問題進(jin)行討(tao)論，以期提高大蒜(suan)田化學除(chu)草水平，實(shi)現豐(feng)(feng)產(chan)豐(feng)(feng)收。

    一、大蒜田雜草種類與發(fa)生危害

 ;   大(da)(da)蒜(suan)栽培模(mo)式的(de)溫、濕度，極(ji)利(li)于多(duo)種(zhong)雜草(cao)發生，如薺(qi)菜(cai)、繁(fan)(fan)縷、牛繁(fan)(fan)縷、豬(zhu)殃殃、小薊、田旋花、播娘蒿、婆(po)婆(po)納(na)、看麥娘、野燕麥、雀(que)麥、早熟(shu)禾、旱(han)稗、馬唐(tang)等(deng)。對旱(han)作后茬蒜(suan)造成(cheng)危害的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是越年(nian)生闊葉草(cao)，對稻(dao)田后茬蒜(suan)造成(cheng)危害的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是越年(nian)生禾本科雜草(cao)。其危害優(you)勢種(zhong)是薺(qi)菜(cai)、繁(fan)(fan)縷、牛繁(fan)(fan)縷、豬(zhu)殃殃、野燕麥、看麥娘、早熟(shu)禾等(deng)，它們與大(da)(da)蒜(suan)在地下部爭奪養料(liao)(liao)、水(shui)分(fen)，在地上部爭奪空間，影(ying)響(xiang)透風(feng)、透光(guang)與光(guang)合作用，還頂破(po)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)膜，破(po)壞其保溫、保濕，綜合影(ying)響(xiang)大(da)(da)蒜(suan)的(de)產(chan)量和品質，嚴重障礙大(da)(da)蒜(suan)生產(chan)。了解大(da)(da)蒜(suan)田雜草(cao)種(zhong)類(lei)，利(li)于針對靶(ba)標(biao)更準確用藥(yao)。

    二(er)、大蒜田雜草發生的特點

    大蒜(suan)田雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)分春(chun)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)和秋(qiu)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)兩個(ge)不同的時期，即有(you)共性，也(ye)有(you)不同點。一(yi)是地(di)片，區域(yu)間差別較(jiao)大，表現幾種(zhong)類(lei)型：以薺菜為(wei)主(zhu)地(di)片；薺菜、繁(fan)縷、牛(niu)繁(fan)縷混合發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)地(di)片；豬殃殃為(wei)主(zhu)地(di)片；看麥(mai)(mai)娘(niang)、野燕(yan)麥(mai)(mai)等禾本科雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)為(wei)主(zhu)地(di)片；多種(zhong)雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)混合發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)地(di)片。二是雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)群落(luo)不斷演替。僅闊(kuo)葉類(lei)雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)已有(you)3個(ge)明顯(xian)的變化；以薺菜為(wei)優勢(shi)種(zhong)危(wei)害(hai)；繁(fan)縷、牛(niu)繁(fan)縷明顯(xian)上升主(zhu)導危(wei)害(hai)；豬殃殃數量明顯(xian)上升。掌握大蒜(suan)田雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)(cao)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)特(te)點，更便于科學用藥(yao)。

    三(san)、大蒜(suan)田除草劑種(zhong)類與應用(yong)技術

    到目前(qian)，大蒜(suan)田基本為土壤(rang)化學除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)，也(ye)是當前(qian)和今后一段(duan)時間的主要除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)措施。已應(ying)用(yong)的藥(yao)劑(ji)(ji)有酰胺(an)類(lei)、二硝基苯胺(an)類(lei)、二苯醚類(lei)等(deng)，代表種有乙(yi)草(cao)(cao)胺(an)、異丙(bing)甲草(cao)(cao)胺(an)、二甲戊靈、乙(yi)氧氟草(cao)(cao)醚等(deng)的二元復配(pei)、三元復配(pei)及組合(he)劑(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)。熟悉大蒜(suan)田除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)產品是為了更好的利用(yong)其特性，更有效的防除(chu)(chu)雜(za)草(cao)(cao)。

    應(ying)用技術要(yao)把(ba)握好(hao)四點。一是對草(cao)(cao)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。在(zai)薺菜為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)片(pian)，以應(ying)用乙氧氟草(cao)(cao)醚(mi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)；在(zai)繁縷、牛繁縷為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)片(pian)以應(ying)用二甲戊(wu)靈為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)；在(zai)禾本(ben)科(ke)雜草(cao)(cao)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)片(pian)以應(ying)用酰胺(an)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)；混合(he)雜草(cao)(cao)發生地(di)(di)(di)(di)片(pian)要(yao)應(ying)用三元復配劑(ji)(ji)。稻茬蒜(suan)適(shi)(shi)當加入(ru)酰胺(an)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)防(fang)除禾本(ben)科(ke)雜草(cao)(cao)，闊葉草(cao)(cao)特別(bie)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)片(pian)適(shi)(shi)量加入(ru)乙氧氟草(cao)(cao)醚(mi)提(ti)高防(fang)效。針對雜草(cao)(cao)種(zhong)類，選準適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)除草(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)，能(neng)收到事半功倍(bei)的(de)(de)效果。二是適(shi)(shi)期用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。蒜(suan)田土(tu)壤處(chu)理劑(ji)(ji)掌握在(zai)播(bo)種(zhong)澆地(di)(di)(di)(di)后覆膜(mo)前(qian)、大(da)蒜(suan)立針期以前(qian)、雜草(cao)(cao)尚未(wei)出土(tu)前(qian)的(de)(de)無風或微風天中午前(qian)后用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，基(ji)本(ben)隨播(bo)種(zhong)后進行。山東、江蘇等地(di)(di)(di)(di)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)大(da)蒜(suan)播(bo)種(zhong)期在(zai)國(guo)慶節前(qian)后，平均(jun)氣溫(wen)穩定(ding)在(zai)13℃－18℃（平均氣(qi)溫(wen)等于(yu)最高氣(qi)溫(wen)加最低(di)氣(qi)溫(wen)除2），膜(mo)下溫(wen)度應該高于(yu)正常(chang)氣(qi)溫(wen)。除草(cao)劑發揮(hui)作用的有效(xiao)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)不低(di)于(yu)10℃，最(zui)適氣溫(wen)在20℃－25℃。國慶節前后的膜下溫度(du)，基本能發(fa)揮(hui)除(chu)草劑的效能。晚茬蒜，平均氣溫低于10℃時，就影響(xiang)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)效(xiao)果。及時收集當地(di)氣象預(yu)報信息，根(gen)據氣候條件(jian)變化靈活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，能提(ti)高除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)效(xiao)果和(he)避免藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)害(hai)。三(san)是(shi)適(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)，一是(shi)浪費，二(er)是(shi)對大(da)(da)(da)蒜不(bu)安全；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)小，殺不(bu)死(si)草(cao)(cao)(cao)，給生(sheng)產留(liu)下很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)困難(nan)。即是(shi)同種(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)，不(bu)同地(di)區(qu)之間的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也有(you)(you)較大(da)(da)(da)差別(bie)，以(yi)相(xiang)同含量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與配比的乙(yi)·二(er)·乙(yi)氧氟(fu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)醚(mi)的畝用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)例，廣東等(deng)南(nan)方地(di)區(qu)為(wei)100毫升(sheng)，山東、河南(nan)為(wei)200毫升(sheng)，江(jiang)蘇邳(pi)州則(ze)高達400毫升(sheng)。分(fen)析其原(yuan)因(yin)，南(nan)方雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)充足，蒜田排(pai)水(shui)(shui)不(bu)暢，氣溫(wen)(wen)偏高，又為(wei)立(li)針后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，很(hen)易產生(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)害(hai)，故用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)小。山東、河南(nan)多為(wei)播種(zhong)澆(jiao)地(di)后(hou)(hou)2－3天(tian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou)(hou)覆膜，其溫(wen)(wen)、濕(shi)度(du)有(you)(you)利(li)于發揮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)，故用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)適(shi)中。江(jiang)蘇邳(pi)州蒜田多為(wei)種(zhong)植(zhi)在粘土地(di)吸附除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)，播種(zhong)后(hou)(hou)不(bu)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)墑(di)情欠佳(jia)和(he)連續多年應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)同類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)已(yi)產生(sheng)抗(kang)性，則(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)高。四是(shi)重(zhong)視注意(yi)事(shi)項(xiang)。如播前整地(di)要(yao)細(xi)要(yao)平，無植(zhi)物殘(can)茬、無大(da)(da)(da)土塊，利(li)于藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)液分(fen)布均勻(yun)(yun)。咸水(shui)(shui)、渾水(shui)(shui)吸附除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)低(di)，要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)清水(shui)(shui)、淡水(shui)(shui)兌(dui)(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。畝兌(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，澆(jiao)地(di)后(hou)(hou)噴藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)低(di)于兩桶水(shui)(shui)，未澆(jiao)地(di)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)至少三(san)桶水(shui)(shui)，如兌(dui)(dui)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)偏少，不(bu)利(li)于地(di)表形成(cheng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)膜，影響(xiang)其效(xiao)果。選擇噴施除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)的專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)扇(shan)形噴頭(tou)，能解(jie)決漏噴，重(zhong)噴，預(yu)防施藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)勻(yun)(yun)及后(hou)(hou)遺癥(zheng)。粘土地(di)、有(you)(you)機質含量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)高的蒜地(di)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)高一些，反之減(jian)少。上茬耕作粗放大(da)(da)(da)蒜地(di)，因(yin)雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)基數偏大(da)(da)(da)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)適(shi)當提(ti)高。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou)(hou)如遇連續降(jiang)雨(yu)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)，土壤相(xiang)對濕(shi)度(du)超過90%，氣溫(wen)(wen)低(di)于10℃，要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)排水，防(fang)止(zhi)“涼澇藥害”，2007年，山東曾發生類似情況。蒜苗如不能頂破塑(su)料膜時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)人工勾出。

    四、大蒜田化學除草存在的問題

    大蒜田(tian)化(hua)學除草(cao)雖(sui)已成為生產(chan)中一(yi)項重(zhong)要(yao)措(cuo)施，日趨成熟，但也存(cun)在一(yi)些(xie)問題，從(cong)藥劑(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和應(ying)用效(xiao)果方(fang)(fang)(fang)面：用藥后只封(feng)某類(lei)雜(za)草(cao)，有(you)些(xie)雜(za)草(cao)種類(lei)封(feng)不(bu)住；整體(ti)雜(za)草(cao)防效(xiao)低于70%；藥效(xiao)期不(bu)足30天；對大蒜安全性(xing)欠佳(jia)；復配藥劑(ji)簡單、配比不(bu)合理(li)；缺(que)(que)少(shao)(shao)系統規范的生測試驗。從(cong)市場(chang)銷售方(fang)(fang)(fang)面；假證、套證、不(bu)規范，低檔次產(chan)品(pin)充斥市場(chang)；低價格(ge)竄貨，無序(xu)不(bu)正當競爭，好產(chan)品(pin)賣(mai)不(bu)出好價錢，誠信企(qi)業有(you)苦難言(yan)，農(nong)民受害。從(cong)創新研發(fa)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面：整體(ti)缺(que)(que)少(shao)(shao)投入，引進、應(ying)用創新很少(shao)(shao)，無創制(zhi)研發(fa)。從(cong)生產(chan)需要(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面：豬殃(yang)殃(yang)已上升為蒜田(tian)惡性(xing)雜(za)草(cao)，成為生產(chan)中的熱點、難點；小薊、田(tian)旋花、香附子發(fa)生數(shu)量(liang)(liang)雖(sui)少(shao)(shao)，但較難防治；尚缺(que)(que)少(shao)(shao)蒜田(tian)高效(xiao)莖葉除草(cao)劑(ji)。

    五、持續(xu)提高大蒜(suan)田(tian)化學除草水平

    根(gen)據上(shang)述(shu)問題，蒜(suan)田(tian)化(hua)學(xue)除草需要(yao)(yao)補充和(he)完善。首先(xian)是提(ti)(ti)高(gao)產品質(zhi)量(liang)。一個優秀(xiu)的(de)大(da)蒜(suan)田(tian)除草品種，外(wai)在(zai)質(zhi)量(liang)要(yao)(yao)求標簽(qian)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)，三證齊全，包(bao)裝材質(zhi)堅(jian)實(shi)(shi)，設計(ji)美觀，規(gui)(gui)格應用方便。內(nei)在(zai)質(zhi)量(liang)要(yao)(yao)求三元以上(shang)復配，配比合理，相(xiang)互(hu)增(zeng)效；所用原藥含量(liang)在(zai)95%以上(shang)，雜質(zhi)少；助(zhu)劑(ji)具溶解(jie)性、分散性、滲透性、粘(zhan)著性等多(duo)種功能；加(jia)工精制。生測(ce)要(yao)(yao)系(xi)統規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)，從室(shi)內(nei)盆栽(zai)到小區(qu)試(shi)驗、樣點示范(fan)(fan)、應用推(tui)廣(guang)，相(xiang)互(hu)銜接，環環扣緊，數據真實(shi)(shi)可靠，結(jie)論(lun)經(jing)得起驗證。蒜(suan)農(nong)應選擇基本符合以上(shang)標準(zhun)的(de)產品。一般(ban)而(er)言(yan)，大(da)型正規(gui)(gui)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)產品不會有很大(da)的(de)問題。其次是提(ti)(ti)高(gao)綜合用藥技術（如前(qian)所述(shu)）。再(zai)是加(jia)大(da)研(yan)發力度(du)，盡早(zao)研(yan)制出防除惡性雜草豬殃殃，難治雜草小薊(ji)、田(tian)旋(xuan)花、香附子的(de)新(xin)產品，解(jie)農(nong)民所難。還(huan)要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強相(xiang)互(hu)配合協(xie)作，真正做好基層科(ke)普宣(xuan)傳(chuan)，切(qie)實(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)零售店與蒜(suan)農(nong)種田(tian)的(de)科(ke)技素質(zhi)，反對只圖賣(mai)藥，利用虛假宣(xuan)傳(chuan)誤(wu)導農(nong)民。最后希(xi)望相(xiang)關部門，加(jia)強對蒜(suan)田(tian)除草劑(ji)市場的(de)整治力度(du)，保優淘劣，實(shi)(shi)現優秀(xiu)企業(ye)(ye)、守法經(jing)銷商和(he)蒜(suan)農(nong)的(de)多(duo)贏。

（山東濱農科技(ji)技(ji)術(shu)部：曲耀訓）